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Neuroimmune-related sex differences contribute to the complexity of neurological disorders, such as drug abuse, depression, and chronic pain. The collection of articles presented in this issue add to our understanding of sex as a critical biological variable in the study of psychiatric and neurological diseases. Consideration of sex in the design and interpretation of study results is critical. Sex differences may warrant different treatment approaches for diseases in which sex or gender influences disease outcomes. The studies and reviews presented here examine the contribution of sexual dimorphism in the physiological responses and pharmacological treatments of neurological and psychiatric disorders.